Machine Design
When an open coiled helical compression spring is subjected to an axial compressive load, the maximum shear stress induced in the wire is (where D = Mean diameter of the spring coil, d = Diameter of the spring wire, K = Wahl's stress factor, and W = Axial compressive load on the spring)

(4WD/ πd3) × K
(2WD/ πd3) × K
(WD/ πd3) × K
(8WD/ πd3) × K

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Machine Design
In order to determine the stresses in a thin cylinder due to an internal pressure, it is assumed that

The effect of curvature of the cylinder wall is neglected
All of these
The tensile stresses are uniformly distributed over the section of the walls
The effect of the restraining action of the heads at the end of the pressure vessel is neglected

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