Machine Design
When a hole of diameter ‘d’ is punched in a metal of thickness 't', then the force required to punch a hole is equal to (where τu = Ultimate shear strength of the material of the plate)

π/4 × d².τu
t.τu
πd.t.τu
π/4 × d² × tτu

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Machine Design
For same pulley diameters, center distance, belt speed and belt and pulley materials,

Crossed belt drive transmits more power than open belt drive
Open and crossed belt drives transmit same power
Open belt drive transmits more power than crossed belt drive
Power transmission does not depend upon open and crossed types of constructions

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Machine Design
In hydrostatic bearings

The oil film is maintained by supplying oil under pressure
Grease is used for lubrication
The Oil film pressure is generated only by the rotation of the journal
Do not require external supply of lubricant

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