Plant Structure
What is the source of free energy (ΔG) for moving protons out of mitochondria against their concentration and electrical gradients?

ATP
Glycolysis
The redox reactions of electron transport
Creatine phosphate

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Plant Structure
Any system that is not at equilibrium

is kinetically unstable, although it may be thermodynamically stable
is rushing toward equilibrium at a very rapid rate
is thermodynamically unstable, although it may be kinetically stable
requires an enzyme to reach equilibrium

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Plant Structure
Why do some redox reactions in cells result in the transfer of electrons from a reductant with a higher standard redox potential to an oxidant with a lower standard redox potential?

None of these
The rules governing oxidation and reduction apply only in vitro, and not in vivo
Redox potentials are defined under standard conditions, and cellular conditions are typically not standard conditions
Electrons always go from reductants with high redox potentials to oxidants with low redox potentials

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Plant Structure
Which is not true about a photon?

The shorter the wavelength, the greater the energy of the photons
It is a packet of light energy
It is trapped by photosynthetic unit
It donates electron to reduce carbon dioxide to glucose

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