Heat Transfer
Vibrations in the tubes of a shell and tube heat exchanger is induced due to the

Oscillations in the flow of shell/tube sides fluid
Vibrations transmitted through piping and/or supports due to external reasons
Flow of fluid on the tube and shell sides
All of these

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Heat Transfer
Extended heat transfer surface like fins are used to increase the heat transfer rate. Fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of heat transferred across the fin surface to the theoretical heat transfer across an equal area held at the

Surrounding temperature
Average temperature of the fin
Constant temperature equal to that of the base
Temperature of the fin end

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Heat Transfer
A process stream of dilute aqueous solution flowing at the rate of10 Kg.s⁻¹ is to be heated. Steam condensate at 95°C is available for heating purpose, also at a rate of 10 Kg.s⁻¹. A 1 - 1 shell and tube heat exchanger is available. The best arrangement is

Parallel flow with process stream on shell side
Parallel flow with process stream on tube side
Counter flow with process stream on tube side
Counter flow with process stream on shell side

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