Machine Design
Two closely coiled helical springs with stiffness k₁ and k₂ respectively are connected in series. The stiffness of an equivalent spring is given by

(k₁ + k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)
(k₁ k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ - k₂)/ (k₁ k₂)

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Machine Design
In a hydrodynamic lubricated bearing

There is no lubricant between the journal and the bearing
The lubricant is forced between the journal and the bearing, by external pressure
There is a thick film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing
There is a thin film of lubricant between the journal and the bearing

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