System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a group of related fields
a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level
a map of the programmer's view of the data

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System Analysis and Design
Data Definition Language (DDL)

all of the listed here
determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data
describes how data are structured in the data base

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System Analysis and Design
In a Decision tree

the nodes represent the conditions, with the right wise of tree listing the actions to be taken
all of the listed here
the branch, to be followed, depends on the conditions and decisions, to be made
the root is drawn on the left and is the starting point on the decision sequence

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System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

None of these
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that the black box is independent
All of these

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