Electrical Machines
The volt-ampere euation for a long-shunt compound motor is given by

 Vt= Ea– Iara
 Vt= Ea + Iara
 Vt = Ea + Ia(ra + rs)
 Vt = Ea + Iara+ ILrs

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Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  both (A) and (B).
  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.
  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.

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