Structural Analysis
The thickness of the rectangular plate for the cap or base of a solid round steel columns, is calculated from the formulat = √[(9W/16 fbct) × D/(D -d)] where ‘d’ is

The diameter of the base
The reduced diameter of the column
The diameter of the top
The dimension of the base

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Structural Analysis
The effective and actual lengths of a cantilever are same if continuous at the support,

Unstrained against torsion at the support and free at the end
None of these
With partial restraint against torsion of the support and free at the end
Restrained against torsion at the support and free at the end

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