Electrical Machines
The sparking at the the brushes, in a DC machines is due to

  reactance voltage.
 armature reaction.
 presence of commutator.
 high resistance of carbon brushes.

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Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 coincide with the GNA
 shift forward by 90°
 shift forward by more than 90°
 shift forward by less than 90°

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