Electrical Machines
The sparking at the the brushes, in a DC machines is due to

  reactance voltage.
 armature reaction.
 presence of commutator.
 high resistance of carbon brushes.

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Electrical Machines
In a DC machine, for the same value of φ, Z and N; which one of the following statements is correct?

 Armature emf is less with wave winding than with lap winding.
 Armature emf is same as long as the flux density in the air gap remains the same.
  Armature emf is more with wave winding than with lap winding.
 Armature emf depends on weather the machine is running as a motor or generator.

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