Surveying
The scale of a tilted photograph of focal length f taken from an altitude H, along the plate parallel through principal point is

f/H
f/H sec θ
f/H cos ½θ
f sec θ/H

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

an open traverse for graphical adjustment
None of these
determine the effect of local attraction
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error

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