Machine Design
The resultant axial load on a bolt depends on

All of these
External load applied
Relative elastic yielding (springness) of the bolt and the connected member
Initial tension

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Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire

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