Internal Combustion Engines
The reference fuels for knock rating of spark ignition engines would include

Normal heptane and iso-octane
Iso-octane and normal hexane
Normal octane and aniline
Iso-octane and alpha-methyl naphthalene

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed 4-stroke cycle diesel engines

Exhaust valve opens at 35° before bottom dead center and closes at 20° after top dead center
Exhaust valve opens just after bottom dead center and closes just before top dead center
Exhaust valve opens at bottom dead center and closes at top dead center
May open and close anywhere

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