Measurement and Instrumentation
The power factor of a single phase load can be calculated if the instruments available are

One voltmeter and one ammeter
One voltmeter, one ammeter and one wattmeter
One ammeter, one voltmeter and one energy meter
Any of the listed here

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Measurement and Instrumentation
In DC potentiometer measurments, a second reading is often taken after reversing the polarities of the DC supply and the unknown voltage and the average of the two reading is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of

 Stray magnetic fields.
 Ripples of the DC supply.
 Errorneous standardisation.
  Stray thermal emfs.

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