Heat Transfer
The overall heat transfer co-efficient for a shell and tube heat exchanger for clean surfaces is U0 = 400 W/m².K. The fouling factor after one year of operation is found to be hd0 = 2000 W/m².K. The overall heat transfer co-efficient at this time is

894W/m².K
333W/m².K
287 W/m².K
1200W/m².K

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Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation
Concentrate heat sensitive materials
Achieve very high concentration of the final product
Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam

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