Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic gradient line lies over the centre line of the pipe by an amount equal to the

Velocity head
Pressure head + velocity head
Pressure head
Pressure head - velocity head

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A tank of uniform cross-sectional area (A) containing liquid upto height (H1) has an orifice of cross-sectional area (a) at its bottom. The time required to bring the liquid level from H1 to H2 will be

2A × (√H3/2 - √H3/2)/Cd × a × √(2g)
2A × √H₁/Cd × a × √(2g)
2A × (√H₁ - √H₂)/Cd × a × √(2g)
2A × √H₂/Cd × a × √(2g)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Total energy measured above the horizontal datum
Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel
Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water
Total energy per unit discharge

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