Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hydraulic efficiency of a reaction turbine, is the ratio of

Work-done on the wheel to the energy (or head of water) actually supplied to the turbine
Power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine
None of these
Actual work available at the turbine to energy imparted to the wheel

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Total energy per unit discharge
Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water
Total energy measured above the horizontal datum
Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel

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