Engineering Thermodynamics
An open system is one in which

Neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
Mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
Mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do so
Both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system

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Engineering Thermodynamics
Carbonization of coal consists of

None of these
Drying and crushing the coal to a fine powder
Heating the wood with a limited supply of air to temperature not less than 280°C
Moulding the finely ground coal under pressure with or without a binding material

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Engineering Thermodynamics
The distillation carried out in such a way that the liquid with the lowest boiling point is first evaporated and re-condensed, then the liquid with the next higher boiling point is then evaporated and re-condensed, and so on until all the available liquid fuels are separately recovered in the sequence of their boiling points. Such a process is called

Fractional distillation
Cracking
Carbonisation
Full distillation

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