Internal Combustion Engines
The expansion of fuel in a four stroke cycle diesel engine

Starts at 15° after top dead center and ends at 30° before bottom dead center
Starts at 15° before top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center
May start and end anywhere
Starts at top dead center and ends at 30° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
Compression ratio of I.C. Engines is

Ratio of pressure after compression and before compression
The ratio of volumes of air in cylinder before compression stroke and after compression stroke
Volume displaced by piston per stroke and clearance volume in cylinder
Swept volume/cylinder volume

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