Process Equipment and Plant Design
The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest pressure.

Flat plate
Torispherical
Ellipsoidal
Hemispherical

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
When one of the fluids is highly corrosive and has fouling tendency, it should

Flow outside the tube, when the flow is counter-current and inside the tube when the flow is co-current
Perferably flow outside the tube
Preferably flow inside the tube for its easier internal cleaning
Flow at a very slow velocity

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

Decreases upwards
Increases upwards
Remains same throughout
May decrease or increase upwards depending upon whether vacuum or positive pressure would be maintained inside the shell

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