Process Equipment and Plant Design
The ends of a cylinderical vessel can be closed by a head, which can be one of the four shapes. For the same thickness, choose the one which can withstand the highest pressure.

Torispherical
Hemispherical
Ellipsoidal
Flat plate

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
The LMTD correction factor (FT) is defined as the

Ratio of true temperature difference to the LMTD
Ratio of LMTD to the true temperature difference
Geometric mean of the true temperature difference and the LMTD
Differenced of true temperature difference and the LMTD

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Smoker's equation for the calculation of number of equilibrium stages in a continuous binary distillation column is used, when the

Relative volatility is close to one (e.g., separation of close boiling isomers)
Number of equilibrium stages in only stripping section is to be calculated
Number of equilibrium stages required is likely to be very small
Feed is not at its bubble point

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