Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A compound pipe is required to be replaced by a new pipe. The two pipes are said to be equivalent, if

Loss of head and velocity of flow in both the pipes is same
Loss of head and discharge of both the pipes is same
Length of both the pipes is same
Diameter of both the pipes is same

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