Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a small rectangular orifice is given by (where Cd = Coefficient of discharge for the orifice, a = Cross-sectional area of the orifice, h = Height of the liquid above the centre of the orifice)

Q = (2/3). Cd × a × h
Q = Cd × a × 2gh
Q = (Cd × a)/√(2gh)
Q = (3Cd × a)/√(2h)

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The function of guide vanes in a reaction turbine is to

All of the listed here
Allow the water to flow over them, without forming eddies
Allow the water to enter the runner without shock
Allow the required quantity of water to enter the turbine

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