Electrical Machines
The direction of generated emf in the armature coil of a DC machine is 1. the same as that of the current in a generator 2. the same as that of the current in a motor 3. opposite to that of the current in a generator 4. opposite to that of the current in a motor From these, the correct answer is

 2, 4
 1, 3
 1, 4
 2, 3

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Electrical Machines
Commutation in a DC machine may be explained as a process

  by which electric current in a coil is reversed.
 how alternate flux affects the main field flux.
  in which magnetic field is set up.
 by virtue of which emf is induced in the armature conductors.

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