Computer Networking
HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) is

network access standard for connecting stations to a circuit-switched network
a method of determining which device has access to the transmission medium at any time
a method access control technique for multiple-access transmission media
a very common bit-oriented data link protocol issued by ISO.
None of these

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Computer Networking
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) is

None of these
a method access control technique for multiple-access transmission media.
a very common bit-oriented data link protocol issued by ISO.
network access standard for connecting stations to a circuit-switched network
a method of determining which device has access to the transmission medium at any time

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Computer Networking
The fundamental requirements of private-to-public network interconnection methods which need to be provided in gateways is/are

A and B both
universal accessibility for private network Data Terminal Equipment (DTE)
adequate cost control mechanisms for administration of the private networks
None of these
to assign address to private network DTEs

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