Machine Design
The buckling load will be maximum for a column, if

Both ends of the column are clamped
Both ends of the column are hinged
One end of the column is hinged and the other end is free
One end of the column is clamped and the other end is free

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Machine Design
According to Rankine's theory, the failure occurs at a point in a member

When the maximum principal stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the elastic limit of the material in a simple tension test
When the maximum shear stress in a biaxial stress system reaches the shear stress at elastic limit in a simple tension test
When the maximum principal strain in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain at the elastic limit as determined from a simple tension test
When the strain energy per unit volume in a biaxial stress system reaches the strain energy at the elastic limit per unit volume as determined from a simple tension test

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