Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The diagram factor is the ratio of the

Area of the actual indicator diagram to the area of theoretical indicator diagram
Actual workdone per stroke to the theoretical workdone per stroke
Actual mean effective pressure to the theoretical mean effective pressure
Any one of the above

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
In forced recirculation type boiler,

Water is converted into steam in one pass without any recirculation
Heating takes place at bottom and the water supplied at bottom gets converted into the mixture of steam bubbles and hot water which rise to drum
Water is supplied in drum and through down comers located in atmospheric condition it passes to the water wall and rises to drum in the form of mixture of water and steam
Feed pump is employed to supplement natural circulation in water wall type furnace

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