System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
all of the listed here
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed

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System Analysis and Design
Data manipulation language (DML)

all of the listed here
specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data
determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view
describes how data are structured in the data base

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System Analysis and Design
A system analyst designs a new system by

developing the system as a large, single unit
adopting a developed system to the present environment
None of these
identifying sub systems and the interfaces between sub systems
propose alternatives to the current system

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System Analysis and Design
The black-box concept:

assumes that the black box is independent
None of these
is invoked by describing a system in terms of inputs and outputs, leaving the transformation process a black box.
assumes that inputs and outputs will remain stable
All of these

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