System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
all of the listed here

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System Analysis and Design
Data Definition Language (DDL)

specifies for the DBMS what is required; the techniques used to process data
all of the listed here
describes how data are structured in the data base
determine how data must be structured to produce the user's view

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System Analysis and Design
An audit trial is

designed to permit tracing of any input record or process performed on a system, back toits original sources
post-auditing the system after its implementation
None of these
test data used by the system auditor
All of these

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