System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
all of the listed here
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity

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System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a group of related fields
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level
a map of the programmer's view of the data
a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system

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System Analysis and Design
An audit trial is

All of these
test data used by the system auditor
designed to permit tracing of any input record or process performed on a system, back toits original sources
post-auditing the system after its implementation
None of these

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