Chemical Process
Temporary hardness of water can be removed by

Boiling
Filtration (through gravity sand filter)
Addition of alum (a coagulant)
Addition of lime

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Chemical Process
Liquefaction of gases can not be done by

Adiabatic expansion against a piston or in a turbine
Merely compressing it beyond critical pressure
Exchange of heat with colder stream
Adiabatic expansion through a throttle valve (Joule-Thomson expansion)

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