Elements Of Remote Sensing
Spatial variation in horizontal and vertical directions is caused due to:

All of these
Chemical weathering of rocks
Biological weathering of rocks
Physical weathering of rocks

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Elements Of Remote Sensing
According to the Snell's law if an electromagnetic wave is incident in a medium (refractive index n₁) on another medium (refractive index m₂);

The angle of refraction (θr) is given by sin θ₂ = (n₁/n₂) sin θi
Neither (A) nor (B)
Both (A) and (B)
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refraction

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