Refractory Technology
Spalling of a refractory means its

Resistance to chemical action of gases and molten fluxes
Softening
Resistancce to compressive loads
Fracture due to uneven expansion at high temperature

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Refractory Technology
Thermal conductivity of refractory bricks

Decreases with decreases in porosity
Is independent of its porosity and is maximum for insulating bricks
Increases with decrease in porosity
Increases with the amount of air entrapped in pores

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