Electrical Machines
Short circuiting is caused in the armature winding due to

  grounding of two or more turns of the same coil.
  any of above.
 failure of insulation between two commutator bars.
  failure of insulation between two turns of coil.

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Electrical Machines
Torque angle of a synchorous machine operating from a constant voltage bus is usually defined as the space angle between

 Stator mmf wave and resultant mmf wave.
 Rotor mmf wave and resultant flux density wave.
  Rotor mmf wave and stator mmf wave.
 Stator mmf wave and resultant flux density.

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