Electrical Machines
Short circuiting is caused in the armature winding due to

 failure of insulation between two commutator bars.
  failure of insulation between two turns of coil.
  any of above.
  grounding of two or more turns of the same coil.

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Electrical Machines
For an ideal transformer the winding should have

 equal resistance on primary and secondary side
 no ohmic resistance on either side
 maximum resistance on primary side and least resistance on secondary side
 minimum resistance on primary side and maximum resistance on secondary side

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Electrical Machines
In a DC machine

 emf in armature conductors and at the terminals is alternating.
 current and emf at the terminals are alternating.
 current and emf in armature are unidirectional
 current and emf in armature are alternating.

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