Workshop Technology
Shift is a casting defect which

Results in a mismatching of the top and bottom parts of a casting
Occurs as sand patches on the upper surface of a casting
Occurs near the ingates as rough lumps on the surface of a casting
Results in general enlargement of a casting

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Workshop Technology
The purpose of a gate is to

Delivers molten metal into the mould cavity
Act as a reservoir for the molten metal
Delivers molten metal from pouring basin to gate
Feed the molten metal to the casting in order to compensate for the shrinkage

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Workshop Technology
Extrusion

Is extensively used for making bolts and nuts
Is used to improve fatigue resistance of the metal by setting up compressive stresses in its surface
Consists of pressing the metal inside a chamber to force it out by high pressure through an orifice which is shaped to provide the desired form of the finished part
Is used for reducing the diameter of round bars and tubes by rotating dies which open and close rapidly on the work

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