Electrical Machines
R1 is the resistance of the primary winding of the transformer. The turn ratio in terms of primary to secondary is K. Then the equivalent resistance of the primary referred to secondary is

 K×R1
 K²R1
 R1 /K²
 R1 /K

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Electrical Machines
In a loaded DC generator, if the brushes are given a shift from the interpolar axis in the direction of rotation, then the commutation will

 deteriorate with rise in terminal voltage.
 improve with rise in terminal voltage.
 deteriorate with fall of terminal voltage.
 improve with fall of terminal voltage.

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