Internal Combustion Engines
Pre-ignition is caused by the spontaneous combustion of the mixture before the end of the compression stroke, and is due to

Cylinder walls being too hot
Red hot carbon deposits on cylinder walls
Any one of the listed here
Overheated spark plug points

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Internal Combustion Engines
Compression ratio of I.C. Engines is

Volume displaced by piston per stroke and clearance volume in cylinder
Swept volume/cylinder volume
The ratio of volumes of air in cylinder before compression stroke and after compression stroke
Ratio of pressure after compression and before compression

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Internal Combustion Engines
The brake power (B.P.) of the engine is given by (where W = Brake load or dead load in newtons, l = Length of arm in meters, N = Speed of engine in r.p.m., S = Spring balance reading in newtons, D = Dia. of brake drum in meters, and d = Dia. of rope in meters)

All of these
P = [(W - S) π (D + d) N]/60 watts
P = [(W - S) πDN]/60 watts
P = (Wl × 2πN)/60 watts

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Internal Combustion Engines
Scavenging air in diesel engine means

Forced air for cooling cylinder
Burnt air containing products of combustion
Air used for forcing burnt gases out of engine's cylinder during the exhaust period
Air used for combustion sent under pressure

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