Chemical Process
Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of calcium & magnesium

Bi-carbonates
Sulphates & chlorides
None of these
Carbonate

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Chemical Process
Linde process of gas liquefaction employs

Merely compressing the gas beyond its critical pressure
Adiabatic expansion against a piston or in a turbine
Exchange of heat with colder stream
Adiabatic expansion through a throttle valve (Joule-Thomson expansion)

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