Process Equipment and Plant Design
Optimum reflux ratio in a continuous distillation column is determined by the

Total cost consideration (fixed cost of the column plus the cooling water & steam cost)
None of these
Maximum permissible vapour velocity
Flooding limit of the column

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

Both B and C
By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded

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