System Analysis and Design
Main characteristic of "ring", in Data structure, is

Last record points to the first record
Many records point to one record
Each record points to all other records
First record points only to the last record

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System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
all of the listed here
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity

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