Electrical Machines
In a dc generator operating on load with its brushes on the geometrical neutral axis (GNA), the magnetic neutral axis (MNA) is shifted in the direction of rotation. Now, if the brushes are given a lead of 90° (electrical), then the MNA will

 coincide with the GNA
 shift forward by more than 90°
 shift forward by 90°
 shift forward by less than 90°

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Electrical Machines
Flashing the field of DC generator means

 increasing flux density by adding extra turns of winding.
  creating residual magnetism by a DC source.
  neutralising residual magnetism.
  making the magnetic losses forces parallel.

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