System Analysis and Design
In Data structure, main characteristic of "ring" is :

last, record points to the first record
None of these
first record points only to the last record
many records point to one record
All of these

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System Analysis and Design
Direct-access organization

uses an index for each key type
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
has records placed randomly throughout the file

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System Analysis and Design
An audit trial is

designed to permit tracing of any input record or process performed on a system, back toits original sources
All of these
test data used by the system auditor
post-auditing the system after its implementation
None of these

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