Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Lower skirt clearance
Small downcomer liquid seal
Lower static submergence
Liquid gradient on the tray

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to shell and tube heat exchanger.

Tie rods are fixed at one end in the tube sheet by making blind holes and the minimum number of tie rods is 4 with at least 10 mm diameter
Bracket supports are used for horizontal shell, while saddle support is used for vertical shell
Clearance between shell & baffles and between tube & baffles should be minimum to avoid by-passing of the fluid, but it should be enough to permit the removal of tube bundle
Baffles are supported independently of the tubes by tie rods and positioned by spacers

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the design of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the corrosion allowance

For internal cover and tube sheet is provided on both the sides
For carbon steel and cast iron pressure parts is 1.5 mm (except for tubes) and for severe conditions it is 3 mm
Need not be provided for non-pressure parts like tie rods, spacers, baffles, supports etc
All of these

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