Process Equipment and Plant Design
In actual operation of distillation column, the vapour is not distributed uniformly among the bubble caps, primarily because of the

Liquid gradient on the tray
Small downcomer liquid seal
Lower skirt clearance
Lower static submergence

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Mc Cable Thiele method used for finding theoretical stages in a distillation column assumes that the

Sensible heat differences are small, because the temperature changes from tray to tray is small
All of these
Trouton's rule is applicable
Liquid/vapor loading across the column remains constant

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