RCC Structures Design
In a singly reinforced beam

Steel possesses initial stresses when embedded in concrete
Elastic moduli for concrete and steel have different values within the limits of deformation of the beam
Compression is borne entirely by concrete
Plane sections transverse to the centre line of the beam before bending remain plane after bending

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RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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RCC Structures Design
If the length of a combined footing for two columns l meters apart is L and the projection on the left side of the exterior column is x, then the projection y on the right side of the exterior column, in order to have a uniformly distributed load, is (where x̅ is the distance of centre of gravity of column loads).

y = L/2 - (l - x̅)
y = L - (l - x̅)
y = L/2 - (l + x̅)
y = L/2 + (l - x̅)

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