Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger having square pitch, the shell side equivalent diameter is given by (where, P = pitch, d = outside diameter of the tube)

4(P² - πd²/4)/πd
Πd/4P²
(P² - πd²/4)/πd
4P²/πd

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the

Tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction
Shell side for smaller total pressure drop
Shell side for large overall heat transfer co-efficient
Shell side, if the flow is counter-current and tube side if the flow is co-current

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