Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

All of the listed here
Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam

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Theory of Machine
Hammer blow

Varies inversely with the square of the speed
Varies as the square root of the speed
Is the maximum vertical unbalanced force caused by the mass added to balance the reciprocating masses
Is the maximum horizontal unbalanced force caused by the mass provided to balance the reciprocating masses.

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