DC Generators
In a D.C. generator in order to reduce sparking at brushes, the self-induced e.m.f. in the coil is neutralized by all of the following except

Interpoles
Shifting of axis of brushes
Compensating winding
Dummy coils

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DC Generators
Lap winding is composed of

Any even number of conductors
Any odd number of conductors
That even number which is exact multiple of poles
That even number which is exact multiple of poles + 2

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