Environmental Engineering
If the total hardness of water is greater than its total alkalinity, the carbonate hardness will be equal to

Total hardness total alkalinity
Non carbonate hardness
Total alkalinity
Total hardness

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Environmental Engineering
Scour valves are provided

At every depression and dead ends to drain out the waste water that may collect there
At the foot of rising main along the slope to prevent back running of water
At every summit of rising mains
At street corners to control the flow of water

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