HYDRAULICS AND FLUID MECHANICS IN ME

To transport water to downstream

To run the turbine full

To prevent air to enter the turbine

To increase the head of water by an amount equal to the height of the runner outlet above the tail race

For safety of turbine

To convert the kinetic energy to flow energy by a gradual expansion of the flow cross-section

To increase flow rate

To transport water downstream without eddies

Unpredictable

Decreases with increase in pressure

Increases with increase in pressure

More or less remains constant with increase in pressure

The speed corresponding to maximum overload permissible

The speed at which turbine runner will be damaged

The speed if the turbine runner is allowed to revolve freely without load and with the wicket gates wide open

Full load speed

Medium head of water

High head of water

Low head of water

High discharge