Furnace Technology
Heat transfer rate to the stock/charge in the furnace does not depend upon the

Emissivity of the refactory walls
Thickness of the stock
Size of the furance
Use of waste heat recovery equipments

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Use of non-preheated combustion air

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Furnace Technology
The reason for excessive clinker formation in gas producers is the

All of these
Use of coal/coke containing a high % of fines and ash
Use of fuel having too low an ash fusion temperature
Development of hot spots in the fuel bed and an abnormally high rate of gasification

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