Furnace Technology
Heat transfer rate to the charge/stock in a furnace does not depend upon the

Flue gas temperature
Type of fuels viz solid, liquid or gaseous
Emissivity of refractory walls
Initial temperature of the charged stock

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of pulverised solid fuels
Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of non-preheated combustion air

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