Heat Transfer
Fouling factor for a heat exchanger is given by (where, U₁ = heat transfer co-efficient of dirty surface U₂ = heat transfer co-efficient of clean surface)

1/U₁ - 1/U₂
U₂ - U₁
1/U₂ - 1/U₁
U₁ - U₂

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Heat Transfer
Extended heat transfer surface like fins are used to increase the heat transfer rate. Fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of heat transferred across the fin surface to the theoretical heat transfer across an equal area held at the

Constant temperature equal to that of the base
Average temperature of the fin
Surrounding temperature
Temperature of the fin end

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