Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
All of these
Cutting velocity remains constant

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
Trepanning is an operation of

Smoothing and squaring the surface around a hole
Producing a hole by removing metal along the circumference of a hollow cutting tool
Sizing and finishing a small diameter hole
Making a cone-shaped enlargement of the end of a hole

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