Automatic Control Systems
For any transfer function, the constant phase angle loci are

A family of circles
Neither (a) nor (b)
Either (a) or (b)
A family of straight lines

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Automatic Control Systems
If any term in the first column of a Routh array becomes zero, then

Routh criterion can be used by substituting a small negative number for zero and complet-ing the array
Routh criterion can be used by substituting a small positive number for zero and completing the array
Routh criterion can be used by substituting a big positive number for zero and completing the array
Routh criterion cannot be used to determine stability

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